Learning Space Design

The effective design of learning spaces—whether a classroom, a laboratory, a library, or an informal space—can enhance learning. As educators have integrated communication, collaboration, and computing technologies, learning spaces have morphed. The design of learning spaces goes beyond the physical to include the virtual. Educators, technologists, and space planners are combining technology, pedagogy, learning science, and physical space. What types of activities lead to learning? How can innovative uses of space and technology enable these activities, leading to more effective learning?

Questions the EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (ELI) explores include:

What kinds of spaces enhance student learning?
What are the learning space design principles for classrooms? For informal spaces? For online activities?
Do we first ask about the educational experience and learning activities and then consider space? Are educational issues kept at the center of space planning?
What assumptions should we challenge as we design learning spaces for the future?

Learning Spaces, An EDUCAUSE e-Book

Space, whether physical or virtual, can have a significant impact on learning. If you are interested in better understanding the relationship between space design and learning, Learning Spaces, an EDUCAUSE e-book, provides a great place to start. It focuses on how learner expectations influence the development and use of space, the principles and activities that facilitate learning, and the role of technology from the perspective of those who create learning environments: faculty, learning technologists, librarians, and administrators. It represents an ongoing exploration as we bring together space, technology, and pedagogy to ensure learner success.

In addition to the e-book's core chapters on learning space design principles (chapters 113), the Learning Spaces Web site also offers case studies illustrating those principles (chapters 1543), including links to examples of innovative learning spaces.

Get an overview of the topic

Andrew Milne, "Entering the Interaction Age: Implementing a Future Vision for Campus Learning Space... Today," EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 42, no. 1 (January/February 2007): pp. 12–31.
Learning Space Design, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 40, no. 4 (July/August 2005).
Diana Oblinger, Leading the Transition from Classrooms to Learning Spaces, NLII White Paper, October 2004.
Malcolm B. Brown and Joan K. Lippincott, "Learning Spaces: More than Meets the Eye," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2003.

Additional Resources

Examples Podcasts Presentations Relevant Web Sites Tools Related Writings

Examples

Coalition for Networked Information and Dartmouth University, Collaborative Facilities
Collaborative Facilities is a project designed to collect, organize, and disseminate information about model collaborative facilities in higher education. The project is sponsored by CNI and hosted by Dartmouth College. This Web site allows information professionals, administrators, faculty, and other interested visitors to tour collaborative facilities online and analyze documents related to their planning, design, administration, staffing, services, and funding.
Project Kaleidoscope, Focusing on Facilities Directory
Project Kaleidoscope (PKAL) focuses on building learning environments that attract and sustain undergraduate students to the study of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields and sustain them in their efforts. Its facilities directory contains a listing of relevant STEM building projects from around the country.
SCALE–UP Classrooms
The Student-Centered Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs (SCALE-UP) Project at North Carolina State University focuses on establishing highly collaborative, hands-on, computer-rich, interactive learning environments for large-enrollment courses. This site provides pictures and diagrams of classrooms from institutions across the United States that were designed using the SCALE-UP model.
Stanford University, Wallenberg Hall
Wallenberg Hall has been designed to provide learning spaces for university classes and state-of-the-art facilities for research in learning and education, both locally and in collaboration with international partners. These spaces can be used individually or in varying combinations to support a myriad of learning activities. The lightweight, mobile furnishings in the Wallenberg Hall classrooms provide support for a wide range of traditional and emerging modes of teaching. The rooms contain sophisticated collaborative computing environments, the ability to record activities for later use, large wall displays that can be used as recording whiteboards or for videoconferencing and presentation, and adjacent breakout spaces for group work.
University of Waterloo, Learning Spaces: Resources of Interest
This site provides listings for a broad array of resources related to the design and development of learning spaces.

Podcasts

ELI 2007 Annual Meeting, Creating a Successful Learning Culture: Connecting Learners, Communities and Information, January 22-24, 2007. Podcasts include:

Deborah Bickford and David Wright, Creating New Spaces for Learning
An Interview with Heather Gordon
An Interview with Mara Hancock

ELI 2006 Annual Meeting, Advancing Learning: Insights and Innovations, January 29-31, 2006. Podcasts include:

Kathryn Gates, Jie Tang, and Anil Vinjamur, Classroom Technology Standards and Design Made Simple
An Interview with Phil Long
Enhanced Podcasts on Learning Spaces

Dan Gilbert, Wallenberg Hall Enhanced Podcast Tour
Julie K. Little, The Commons at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville

ELI 2005 Fall Focus Session, Design of Informal Learning Spaces, September 14-15, 2005. Podcasts include:

Informal Learning Spaces in Support of the Institutional Mission, Nancy Chism (Session Audio)
Informal Spaces and the Design Process: An Interview with Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Lori Gee, Terry Hajduk, and Jarret Cummings (Post-Session Interview)
Information Commons Interview with Joan Lippincott, Joan Lippincott and Diana Oblinger (Pre-Session Interview)
Institutional Culture and Informal Space Design: An Interview with Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Lori Gee, Terry Hajduk, and Jarret Cummings (Post-Session Interview)
Trends in Informal Space Design, Malcolm B. Brown and Phillip D. Long (Session Audio)

Presentations

ELI 2008 Annual Meeting, Connecting and Reflecting: Preparing Learners for Life 2.0, January 28-30, 2008

Kathleen Tyner, Designing Spaces for New Media Literacy Learning
Linda Garcia and Homero Lopez, Learning Studios: Engaging Millenial Students in a New Classroom Environment

Shirley Dugdale and Philip Long, "Planning the Informal Learning Landscape," ELI Web seminar, March 2007.
ELI 2007 Annual Meeting, Creating a Successful Learning Culture: Connecting Learners, Communities and Information, January 22-24, 2007

Deborah Bickford, William Dittoe, and David Wright, Creating New Spaces for Learning in Community
Laurence Johnson, Alan Levine, and Heidi Trotta, The Next Generation of Digital Learning Spaces: Exploring the Frontier of Virtual Worlds

Sawyer Hunley and Molly Schaller, "Assessment of Learning Spaces," ELI Web seminar, October 2006.
Crit Stuart, "Georgia Tech's Learning Commons: An Epicenter for Student Success," ELI Web seminar, July 2006.
Alan Cattier and Kim Braxton, "Adventures in Space Design: Building and Supporting A Collaborative Computing Lab," ELI Web seminar, April 2006.
ELI 2005 Fall Focus Session, Design of Informal Learning Spaces, September 14-15, 2005. Proceedings include:

Nancy Chism, Informal Learning Spaces in Support of the Institutional Mission
Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Importance of Informal Spaces for Learning, Collaboration, and Socialization
Malcolm B. Brown and Phillip D. Long, Trends in Informal Learning Spaces

NLII 2005 Annual Meeting, The Enabling Role of Technology in Successful Learning, January 23-25, 2005. Relevant presentations:

David Futey and Richard Holeton, TeamSpace: Walk-up, Cross-Platform Collaboration for Mobile Computing Users
Stan N. Martin, Sharon P. Pitt and Cynthia Williford, What Works? Envisioning Learning Spaces That Enhance Learning

NLII 2004 Fall Focus Session, Learning Space Design for the 21st Century, September 9-10, 2004. Proceedings include:

Malcolm B. Brown, Dan Gilbert, Christopher G. Johnson, and Phillip D. Long, Principles of Learning Space Design Illustrated by Case Studies
Jose Mestre, Using Learning Spaces to Encourage Deeper Learning
William J. Mitchell, Rethinking Campus and Classroom Design
Mark S. Valenti, Technology Convergence and the Future of Learning Spaces

Relevant Web Sites

EDUCAUSE Learning Space Design Constituent Group
Well-designed learning spaces are predicated on an understanding of the learning activities they will house, the type of interaction desired, the needs of the discipline, and the learning outcomes sought. The EDUCAUSE Learning Space Design constituent group provides a forum for the exchange and archiving of information and for discussions of key issues in the field. Topics range from what makes a physical space conducive to learning to the principles and processes of learning space design. This group meets at the EDUCAUSE annual conference and uses the electronic discussion list to exchange ideas throughout the year.
Project Kaleidoscope
PKAL is a leading national advocate for building and sustaining strong undergraduate programs in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). It focuses on building learning environments that attract undergraduate students to the study of STEM fields and motivate them to consider careers in related fields. PKAL programs and publications spotlight successful efforts on campuses across the country.
Society for College and University Planning (SCUP), Learning Space Design Resources
This site provides access to a number of resources SCUP has developed or published on learning space design.
Teaching and Learning Spaces Working Group, Augsburg College
The Center for Teaching and Learning at Augsburg College convened a working group to explore the design and development of campus "teaching and learning spaces," including both formal and informal spaces. The group's Web page provides access to publications, presentations, and images it used or developed to support its work.
TLT Group, Evaluating, Planning and Supporting Computer-Intensive Educational Facilities
This site provides materials and tools to help institutions evaluate how their learning spaces are supporting or hindering teaching and learning, as well as how they might envision and develop spaces that support more effective learning.
TLT Group, Teaching/Learning Activities and Learning Spaces That Make Them Easier: A Table of Contents
This site lists important, problematic teaching and learning activities, each of which is illustrated by examples of physical and virtual learning spaces that make those activities especially easy. These pages can be used for brainstorming, planning, and developing tools to evaluate spaces and their support services.

Tools

ELI Discovery Tools

The following ELI Discovery Tools are designed to help your faculty, staff, and students better understand the role of physical—and virtual—spaces in teaching and learning, as well as the roles technology plays in them. Visit the Discovery Tools page to learn more about these ELI resources. PLEASE NOTE: ELI Discovery Tools are open only to ELI members for the first 6 months they are available. If you aren't sure if your institution is an ELI member, please see our list of member organizations.

ELI Discovery Tool: Learning Space Workshop Guide
A set of modifiable, modular activities that encourage critical thinking about characteristics and principles of learning space design, the pedagogical roles of technology, student perspectives, assessment, and related issues.
Student Input on Learning Spaces Tool
A structured yet creative way to help faculty and staff see their campuses as their students do, and thus help them more effectively design institutional learning spaces.

Other Tools

Planning & Designing Technology-Rich Learning Spaces, JISC infoNet
JISC infoNet is an advisory service for the United Kingdom's higher education technology professionals with resources to support technology planning and management. Planning & Designing Technology-Rich Learning Spaces is a toolkit to help individuals and institutions with the design and development of technology-enabled learning spaces. It includes case studies, pictures of model learning spaces, and a 'virtual tour' of an imaginary campus composed of exemplary spaces derived from multiple institutions.

Related Writings

Jim Tom, Kenneth Voss and Chris Scheetz, "The Space Is the Message: First Assessment of a Learning Studio," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2 (April-June 2008).
Ralph Gabbard, Anthony Kaiser, and David Kaunelis, "Developing Collaborative Workstations," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2 (April-June 2008).
Bryan Sinclar, "Commons 2.0: Library Spaces Designed for Collaborative Learning," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4 (September-December 2007).
Ken Graetz, "The Psychology of Learning Environments," EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 41, no. 6 (November/December 2006): pp. 60–75.
Library as Place: Rethinking Roles, Rethinking Space (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library & Information Resources, February 2005).
Lennie Scott-Webber, In Sync: Environmental Behavior Research and the Design of Learning Spaces, SCUP, 2004.
Paul McCloskey, "Syllabus2003 Review: Designing New Learning Environments," Syllabus, Vol. 17, No. 3, October 2003.
"Designing the Space: A Conversation with William J. Mitchell," Syllabus, Vol. 17, No. 2, September 2003.
Thomas Warger, "Revisiting the Classroom," Edutech Report, Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2003.
Torin Monahan, "Flexible Space and Built Pedagogy: Emerging IT Embodiments," Inventio, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 2002.
Howard Strauss, "New Learning Spaces: Smart Learners, Not Smart Classrooms," Syllabus, Vol. 16, No. 2, September 2002.
Mark S. Valenti, "The Black Box Theater and AV/IT Convergence: Creating the Classroom of the Future," EDUCAUSE Review, Vol. 37, No. 5, September/October, 2002.
Nancy Van Note Chism and Deborah J. Bickford, eds., New Directions for Teaching and Learning: The Importance of Physical Space in Creating Supportive Learning Environments, No. 92 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002).
Andrew J. Milne, "Research Findings in Communication Interface Technology: Implications for Learning Space Design," SCUP Annual Conference 2001, Boston, Mass. (bibliography).

Learning Principles and Practices IT Assessment Interaction and Engagement Learning Space Design A Map of the Learning Space Successful Learning		Learning Space Design Learning Space Design The effective design of learning spaces—whether a classroom, a laboratory, a library, or an informal space—can enhance learning. As educators have integrated communication, collaboration, and computing technologies, learning spaces have morphed. The design of learning spaces goes beyond the physical to include the virtual. Educators, technologists, and space planners are combining technology, pedagogy, learning science, and physical space. What types of activities lead to learning? How can innovative uses of space and technology enable these activities, leading to more effective learning? Questions the EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative (ELI) explores include: What kinds of spaces enhance student learning? What are the learning space design principles for classrooms? For informal spaces? For online activities? Do we first ask about the educational experience and learning activities and then consider space? Are educational issues kept at the center of space planning? What assumptions should we challenge as we design learning spaces for the future? Learning Spaces, An EDUCAUSE e-Book Space, whether physical or virtual, can have a significant impact on learning. If you are interested in better understanding the relationship between space design and learning, Learning Spaces, an EDUCAUSE e-book, provides a great place to start. It focuses on how learner expectations influence the development and use of space, the principles and activities that facilitate learning, and the role of technology from the perspective of those who create learning environments: faculty, learning technologists, librarians, and administrators. It represents an ongoing exploration as we bring together space, technology, and pedagogy to ensure learner success. In addition to the e-book's core chapters on learning space design principles (chapters 113), the Learning Spaces Web site also offers case studies illustrating those principles (chapters 1543), including links to examples of innovative learning spaces. Get an overview of the topic Andrew Milne, "Entering the Interaction Age: Implementing a Future Vision for Campus Learning Space... Today," EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 42, no. 1 (January/February 2007): pp. 12–31. Learning Space Design, EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 40, no. 4 (July/August 2005). Diana Oblinger, Leading the Transition from Classrooms to Learning Spaces, NLII White Paper, October 2004. Malcolm B. Brown and Joan K. Lippincott, "Learning Spaces: More than Meets the Eye," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2003. Additional Resources Examples Podcasts Presentations Relevant Web Sites Tools Related Writings Examples Coalition for Networked Information and Dartmouth University, Collaborative Facilities Collaborative Facilities is a project designed to collect, organize, and disseminate information about model collaborative facilities in higher education. The project is sponsored by CNI and hosted by Dartmouth College. This Web site allows information professionals, administrators, faculty, and other interested visitors to tour collaborative facilities online and analyze documents related to their planning, design, administration, staffing, services, and funding. Project Kaleidoscope, Focusing on Facilities Directory Project Kaleidoscope (PKAL) focuses on building learning environments that attract and sustain undergraduate students to the study of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) fields and sustain them in their efforts. Its facilities directory contains a listing of relevant STEM building projects from around the country. SCALE–UP Classrooms The Student-Centered Activities for Large Enrollment Undergraduate Programs (SCALE-UP) Project at North Carolina State University focuses on establishing highly collaborative, hands-on, computer-rich, interactive learning environments for large-enrollment courses. This site provides pictures and diagrams of classrooms from institutions across the United States that were designed using the SCALE-UP model. Stanford University, Wallenberg Hall Wallenberg Hall has been designed to provide learning spaces for university classes and state-of-the-art facilities for research in learning and education, both locally and in collaboration with international partners. These spaces can be used individually or in varying combinations to support a myriad of learning activities. The lightweight, mobile furnishings in the Wallenberg Hall classrooms provide support for a wide range of traditional and emerging modes of teaching. The rooms contain sophisticated collaborative computing environments, the ability to record activities for later use, large wall displays that can be used as recording whiteboards or for videoconferencing and presentation, and adjacent breakout spaces for group work. University of Waterloo, Learning Spaces: Resources of Interest This site provides listings for a broad array of resources related to the design and development of learning spaces. Podcasts ELI 2007 Annual Meeting, Creating a Successful Learning Culture: Connecting Learners, Communities and Information, January 22-24, 2007. Podcasts include: Deborah Bickford and David Wright, Creating New Spaces for Learning An Interview with Heather Gordon An Interview with Mara Hancock ELI 2006 Annual Meeting, Advancing Learning: Insights and Innovations, January 29-31, 2006. Podcasts include: Kathryn Gates, Jie Tang, and Anil Vinjamur, Classroom Technology Standards and Design Made Simple An Interview with Phil Long Enhanced Podcasts on Learning Spaces Dan Gilbert, Wallenberg Hall Enhanced Podcast Tour Julie K. Little, The Commons at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville ELI 2005 Fall Focus Session, Design of Informal Learning Spaces, September 14-15, 2005. Podcasts include: Informal Learning Spaces in Support of the Institutional Mission, Nancy Chism (Session Audio) Informal Spaces and the Design Process: An Interview with Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Lori Gee, Terry Hajduk, and Jarret Cummings (Post-Session Interview) Information Commons Interview with Joan Lippincott, Joan Lippincott and Diana Oblinger (Pre-Session Interview) Institutional Culture and Informal Space Design: An Interview with Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Lori Gee, Terry Hajduk, and Jarret Cummings (Post-Session Interview) Trends in Informal Space Design, Malcolm B. Brown and Phillip D. Long (Session Audio) Presentations ELI 2008 Annual Meeting, Connecting and Reflecting: Preparing Learners for Life 2.0, January 28-30, 2008 Kathleen Tyner, Designing Spaces for New Media Literacy Learning Linda Garcia and Homero Lopez, Learning Studios: Engaging Millenial Students in a New Classroom Environment Shirley Dugdale and Philip Long, "Planning the Informal Learning Landscape," ELI Web seminar, March 2007. ELI 2007 Annual Meeting, Creating a Successful Learning Culture: Connecting Learners, Communities and Information, January 22-24, 2007 Deborah Bickford, William Dittoe, and David Wright, Creating New Spaces for Learning in Community Laurence Johnson, Alan Levine, and Heidi Trotta, The Next Generation of Digital Learning Spaces: Exploring the Frontier of Virtual Worlds Sawyer Hunley and Molly Schaller, "Assessment of Learning Spaces," ELI Web seminar, October 2006. Crit Stuart, "Georgia Tech's Learning Commons: An Epicenter for Student Success," ELI Web seminar, July 2006. Alan Cattier and Kim Braxton, "Adventures in Space Design: Building and Supporting A Collaborative Computing Lab," ELI Web seminar, April 2006. ELI 2005 Fall Focus Session, Design of Informal Learning Spaces, September 14-15, 2005. Proceedings include: Nancy Chism, Informal Learning Spaces in Support of the Institutional Mission Lori Gee and Terry Hajduk, Importance of Informal Spaces for Learning, Collaboration, and Socialization Malcolm B. Brown and Phillip D. Long, Trends in Informal Learning Spaces NLII 2005 Annual Meeting, The Enabling Role of Technology in Successful Learning, January 23-25, 2005. Relevant presentations: David Futey and Richard Holeton, TeamSpace: Walk-up, Cross-Platform Collaboration for Mobile Computing Users Stan N. Martin, Sharon P. Pitt and Cynthia Williford, What Works? Envisioning Learning Spaces That Enhance Learning NLII 2004 Fall Focus Session, Learning Space Design for the 21st Century, September 9-10, 2004. Proceedings include: Malcolm B. Brown, Dan Gilbert, Christopher G. Johnson, and Phillip D. Long, Principles of Learning Space Design Illustrated by Case Studies Jose Mestre, Using Learning Spaces to Encourage Deeper Learning William J. Mitchell, Rethinking Campus and Classroom Design Mark S. Valenti, Technology Convergence and the Future of Learning Spaces Relevant Web Sites EDUCAUSE Learning Space Design Constituent Group Well-designed learning spaces are predicated on an understanding of the learning activities they will house, the type of interaction desired, the needs of the discipline, and the learning outcomes sought. The EDUCAUSE Learning Space Design constituent group provides a forum for the exchange and archiving of information and for discussions of key issues in the field. Topics range from what makes a physical space conducive to learning to the principles and processes of learning space design. This group meets at the EDUCAUSE annual conference and uses the electronic discussion list to exchange ideas throughout the year. Project Kaleidoscope PKAL is a leading national advocate for building and sustaining strong undergraduate programs in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). It focuses on building learning environments that attract undergraduate students to the study of STEM fields and motivate them to consider careers in related fields. PKAL programs and publications spotlight successful efforts on campuses across the country. Society for College and University Planning (SCUP), Learning Space Design Resources This site provides access to a number of resources SCUP has developed or published on learning space design. Teaching and Learning Spaces Working Group, Augsburg College The Center for Teaching and Learning at Augsburg College convened a working group to explore the design and development of campus "teaching and learning spaces," including both formal and informal spaces. The group's Web page provides access to publications, presentations, and images it used or developed to support its work. TLT Group, Evaluating, Planning and Supporting Computer-Intensive Educational Facilities This site provides materials and tools to help institutions evaluate how their learning spaces are supporting or hindering teaching and learning, as well as how they might envision and develop spaces that support more effective learning. TLT Group, Teaching/Learning Activities and Learning Spaces That Make Them Easier: A Table of Contents This site lists important, problematic teaching and learning activities, each of which is illustrated by examples of physical and virtual learning spaces that make those activities especially easy. These pages can be used for brainstorming, planning, and developing tools to evaluate spaces and their support services. Tools ELI Discovery Tools The following ELI Discovery Tools are designed to help your faculty, staff, and students better understand the role of physical—and virtual—spaces in teaching and learning, as well as the roles technology plays in them. Visit the Discovery Tools page to learn more about these ELI resources. PLEASE NOTE: ELI Discovery Tools are open only to ELI members for the first 6 months they are available. If you aren't sure if your institution is an ELI member, please see our list of member organizations. ELI Discovery Tool: Learning Space Workshop Guide A set of modifiable, modular activities that encourage critical thinking about characteristics and principles of learning space design, the pedagogical roles of technology, student perspectives, assessment, and related issues. Student Input on Learning Spaces Tool A structured yet creative way to help faculty and staff see their campuses as their students do, and thus help them more effectively design institutional learning spaces. Other Tools Planning & Designing Technology-Rich Learning Spaces, JISC infoNet JISC infoNet is an advisory service for the United Kingdom's higher education technology professionals with resources to support technology planning and management. Planning & Designing Technology-Rich Learning Spaces is a toolkit to help individuals and institutions with the design and development of technology-enabled learning spaces. It includes case studies, pictures of model learning spaces, and a 'virtual tour' of an imaginary campus composed of exemplary spaces derived from multiple institutions. Related Writings Jim Tom, Kenneth Voss and Chris Scheetz, "The Space Is the Message: First Assessment of a Learning Studio," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2 (April-June 2008). Ralph Gabbard, Anthony Kaiser, and David Kaunelis, "Developing Collaborative Workstations," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 2 (April-June 2008). Bryan Sinclar, "Commons 2.0: Library Spaces Designed for Collaborative Learning," EDUCAUSE Quarterly, vol. 20, no. 4 (September-December 2007). Ken Graetz, "The Psychology of Learning Environments," EDUCAUSE Review, vol. 41, no. 6 (November/December 2006): pp. 60–75. Library as Place: Rethinking Roles, Rethinking Space (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library & Information Resources, February 2005). Lennie Scott-Webber, In Sync: Environmental Behavior Research and the Design of Learning Spaces, SCUP, 2004. Paul McCloskey, "Syllabus2003 Review: Designing New Learning Environments," Syllabus, Vol. 17, No. 3, October 2003. "Designing the Space: A Conversation with William J. Mitchell," Syllabus, Vol. 17, No. 2, September 2003. Thomas Warger, "Revisiting the Classroom," Edutech Report, Vol. 19, No. 3, June 2003. Torin Monahan, "Flexible Space and Built Pedagogy: Emerging IT Embodiments," Inventio, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 2002. Howard Strauss, "New Learning Spaces: Smart Learners, Not Smart Classrooms," Syllabus, Vol. 16, No. 2, September 2002. Mark S. Valenti, "The Black Box Theater and AV/IT Convergence: Creating the Classroom of the Future," EDUCAUSE Review, Vol. 37, No. 5, September/October, 2002. Nancy Van Note Chism and Deborah J. Bickford, eds., New Directions for Teaching and Learning: The Importance of Physical Space in Creating Supportive Learning Environments, No. 92 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002). Andrew J. Milne, "Research Findings in Communication Interface Technology: Implications for Learning Space Design," SCUP Annual Conference 2001, Boston, Mass. (bibliography).
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