Main Nav

Participate in this Group

Search This Group

July 13, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from trent.hurt@louisville.edu

I had to get a controller replaced due to bad memory.  Well the wlc cisco sent to me had the Russian LDPE image on it.  Which wouldn’t allow me to upgrade the code to non LDPE image.  I found this doc explaining the issue and also the fix for the problem. 

 

https://supportforums.cisco.com/docs/DOC-24920

 

 

 

Trenton Hurt, CWNA, CCNP(W), CCNA(W), CCNA(V), CCNA(R/S)
Wireless Network Administrator
University of Louisville
Phone (502) 852-1513
FAX (502) 852-1424

 

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE...
July 13, 2012 | Lee Badman
********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

July 12, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from curtis.k.larsen@utah.edu

Curious to know what others are doing for Cisco VPN Access from their Android Devices: As far as I know VPNC Widget will work if the device is rooted. I am trying to get "Samsung Anyconnect" working, it appears to successfully authenticate but then disconnects me - I think this might be a license issue or something on our ASA? Let me know if you have any insights. Thanks, Curtis ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.
July 11, 2012 | Lee Badman

Folks,

 

Those interested seem to agree that we’d discuss specific pain points regarding “those other” Apple devices like AppleTv and any AirPlay/Bonjour-dependent gadgets until Friday, at which point we’d firm up the petition and find a place to host it. Then would come signatures, and ultimately presenting it to Apple, possibly via each of our Apple reps.

 

Neil Johnson has started the companion Facebook group, and has drafted the early version of what everyone appears to want from Apple development in petition form at https://www.facebook.com/groups/enterpriseairplay with 72 members joining thus far. (Thanks, Neil)

 

We have at least one CIO interested, and interested in...

July 6, 2012 | Cherly-Anne Juba
Good afternoon -- I had a question about how you setup Wide Area Bonjour -- in your example below you listed a dns record for _appletv-v2._tcp: 35CF2488F02660B1._appletv-v2._tcp SRV 0 0 3689 utnet-appletv.bonjour.utexas.edu. ; Replace with unicast FQDN of target host 35CF2488F02660B1._appletv-v2._tcp TXT "txtvers=1" "hG=00000000-06f6-4f5d-0171-0bcc51d34d14" "MniT=167845888" "fs=2" "Name=utnet-appletv" "PrVs=65538" "DFID=2" "EiTS=1" "MiTPV=196611" What is the number prefixing the ._appletv-v2._tcp? Is that the serial number of the unit? Thanks for your help! Cheryl-Anne Juba Senior Network Engineer Division of Information Technology University of Maryland 301-405-3042
July 6, 2012 | William C. Green
Today it is AppleTV, tomorrow it will be a different device/use/software.  The underlying issue, as others have noted, is the Bonjour resource discovery mechanism, what Apple likely needs is a directory service.  Once that is solved, the problem will then shift to authentication/authorization/accounting and scalability.  I'd suggest:

That Apple create non-Bonjour/non-multicast discovery mechanisms that scale in large enterprise environments.
That Apple integrate their offerings with enterprise AAA services.





-William



********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www...
July 6, 2012 | Brian Helman

 

I’m researching policies regarding the governance of radio frequency control at other institutions?  This seems to pop up annually here where a department goes for a convenient/cheap installation of a product, which inevitably means the device – weather station, score board, energy management – is 2.4GHz.  And we tend to learn about it AFTER it is purchased and installed.

 

What I’m trying to find are institutional policies regarding who governs/identifies/recommends/etc wireless devices, whether 802.11 or not.  I would like to present this to my management with the hopes of heading off “wireless” surprises.

 

Thanks,

Brian

 

 

...
July 5, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from neil-johnson@uiowa.edu

I'm a little fuzzy on the specifics things to request from Apple, but here is a first pass):


Whereas, we the undersigned academic and research institutions are receiving numerous requests from our faculty, staff, and students for the ability to utilize Airplay technology in classrooms, conference rooms, and other locations, hereby solemnly request that Apple provide support for Airplay technology in enterprise wireless networks.


Specifically, we request the following (in order of priority):

  • That Apple establish a way for the Apple TV (and other Airplay enabled devices) to be discoverable across multiple IPv4 and IPv6 subnets or lacking that:
  • That Apple establish a way for the Apple TV (and other Airplay enabled...
July 3, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from trent.hurt@louisville.edu

I have started getting complaints from users regarding battery life on android devices when connected to our campus wifi.  The issue is being seen when you install a type of bandwidth meter app on the device.  The one I use is  android status and I look at the network section to see the Rx and Tx statistics.  Once connected to wireless the device still receives bursts of traffic, at least according to the app on the device.  We are cisco wifi shop and I’m running 7.2mr1 code on the wlc’s.  Has anyone else heard or seen this issue?

 

 

I found this post  http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=1738171   which states…

...
July 3, 2012 | Peter Murphy
Wayne State http://wayne.edu has been getting complaints concerning wireless connectivity, especially in our Allied Health building. We may have found the problem with a spectrum analyzer: a magnetic imaging machine adjacent to some of the larger classrooms was completely over-powering 2.4GHz channel 11, and showing across the band. I am seeking some suggestions for shielding, which I will pass along to that Dean. I have seen paint, paneling and curtains. Replacing wall panels is probably out, as they do have some lead shielding for some of the medicines involved. What have you seen that worked or failed horribly? -- Peter Murphy Interim Director Network Engineering & Security Wayne State University pmurphy@wayne.edu v: 313-577-4737 ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be...
July 3, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from me@mpking.com

So according to *many* release notes, I've found the following.

If you have a FlexConnect access point, your controller must be set to Multicast-Unicast mode in order for the Flexconnect to get the multicast traffic from the central controller.

I have an interesting corner case, that I'm currently unable to test (do to my lack of a multicast infrastructure) but would love to know the answer to.

If you have a FlexConnect AP, which is locally terminating traffic on a VLAN, and that VLAN is multicast enabled, would the multicast traffic still get forwarded?  

Mike

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/....
July 2, 2012 | Ethan Sommer
We are again considering deploying wireless outside, but we feel like we keep running up against inherent contradictions that we don't know how to solve. Here are the expected "problems" we anticipate" 1. If we put high powered APs outside, then they will cause interference with APs inside, and indoor clients might try to connect to them because they seem "stronger" even though they'd have a better connection to the indoor APs. a. How do you deal with the interference problems between high powered outdoor APs and indoor APs? b. Do you use the same SSIDs indoors and outdoors, and if yes, do indoor clients connect to the outdoor APs? c. If you have a seperate "outdoor" SSID, to client wireless network priority lists ever cause indoor clients to connect to the outdoor network? 2. We currently use one VLAN per building, all on the same SSID. Clients outside might hop between APs that are on different buildings, but not re-request a new DHCP lease. a. What VLAN should we put...
July 2, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from me@mpking.com

Anyone know what version of IGMP is supported on a Cisco WLC 5508?

Mike
********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

June 27, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from marcelo.lew@du.edu

Just wondering what you guys out there NATing users (many to one) are doing for accounting records (legal requests from RIAA, HBO, etc in particular). We use Aruba and Airwave, and I can see on the logs username, src IP and port, dst IP and port, timestamp, etc. But curious what other schools are doing.. Thank you, Marcelo Marcelo Lew Wireless Enterprise Administrator University Technology Services University of Denver Desk: (303) 871-6523 Cell: (303) 669-4217 Fax: (303) 871-5900 Email: mlew@du.edu . ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.
June 21, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from matt.ashfield@nbcc.ca

HI All

 

We are trying to get dynamic vlan assignment using Cisco FlexConnect Local switching. I’m wondering if anyone can provide any insight into this. Feel free to contact me off-list if you don’t want to post here.

 

Our setup:

Radius Server: Windows 2008, but also have a Cisco ACS server we’ve tried

WLC version: 7.20.235

AP: 3500 series

 

We have flexconnect configured on the WLC. We have the AP plugged into a switch port with 3 vlans (30,31,32 for sake of example) trunked between switch and AP. We can get an endpoint to authenticate, but when they are connected, they are put in the Native vlan (in this case, vlan 30). We do not seem to be...

June 13, 2012 | Lee Badman

I was very happy to see the RF Profiles feature added in 7.2, letting some APs have different data rate and TPC settings.

 

The question- has anyone run into trouble using it- bugs, etc.?

 

Thanks-

 

Lee

 

Lee H. Badman

Wireless/Network Engineer

Information Technology and Services

Adjunct Instructor, iSchool

Syracuse University

315 443-3003

 

 

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at...
June 13, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from brian.david@bc.edu

All,

I wanted to get peoples perspective on their PTP wireless deployment.

How reliable is it for you. How much does the weather affect it?

How much through put are you getting and in what frequency are you using?

We are looking to have a temporary deployment for a particular building that is less than

a mile away and has excellent line of sight.

Any input would be great.

Thank you in advance.

 

Brian J David

Network Systems Engineer

Boston College

 

 

**********...
June 10, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from dewittlatimer@gmail.com

Hello Colleagues:

has anyone done a recent RFP and/or upgrade where they thoroughly vetted HP vs. Cisco and/or Aruba?

I'm looking for reference schools that either selected HP over the other two traditional heavy weights OR schools that did not select them after performing their due diligence.

If you want to respond privately, fine. I'm sure the list (and archives) would love to hear this discussion as well.

all my best,

Dewitt

p.s. for all the newer members on the list, note, I'm one of YOU...not one of THEM :-)

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/...
June 8, 2012 | Dan Brisson
I searched back through the archives but haven't stumbled on to anything regarding this topic, and now that World IPv6 Launch day is behind us, I'm curious if anyone has setup a v6 only SSID in a Cisco WLC environment. It seems like a good way for folks to dip their toe into IPv6 and the controllers seem to provide decent support in the latest code releases. I'm also wondering about using NAT-PT for this SSID. I suppose we could just dual-stack our existing SSID, and maybe that makes the most sense, but I'm not sure I want to take that leap yet. Anyone with some experience in either or both of these areas willing to share? Thanks, -dan -- Dan Brisson Network Engineer University of Vermont (Ph) 802.656.8111 dbrisson@uvm.edu ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at...
November 14, 2012 | Christina Klam
Hello, We are looking into PtP or PtMP solutions to connect our main campus to a guest house that is less than 1 mile away and another test site that is 3.7 mi away . Because of trees, we cannot do a direct line of sight, but believe we can use a NLOS (near-line-of-sight). Does anyone have a recommendation on vendors? Any caveats? Any first hand data on reliability when it is snowing or raining? Thank you in advance for your help, Christina ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.
November 7, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from coll@isc.upenn.edu

Anyone heard anything about the Wii U?  All I can find is that it'll be 802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi, plus optional Ethernet connection via USB dongle.

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

November 5, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from craigsimons@sfu.ca

How does everyone plan on dealing with Wi-Fi Direct from both a policy and a technology perspective? From an RF management point of view, I can't imagine a situation where it would be possible to individually manage all devices, printers, projectors, etc that can create Wi-Fi direct networks. And while an official policy might be able to steer frequency usage, it would be pretty tough to enforce without an existing sensor/countermeasures infrastructure in place (of which I would also assume 802.11w will eventually make useless anyway).

Yet, part of me wants to recommend it as the "official solution" for screencasting (ie Miracast) rather than fight a losing fight with AirPlay and mDNS over wireless.

My sense is that all TVs, projectors, printers, and BYOD type devices will eventually support it and managing the...
November 1, 2012 | Lee Badman

FYI


- Fixes a bug that prevents iPhone 5 from installing software updates wirelessly over the air 
- Fixes a bug where horizontal lines may be displayed across the keyboard 
- Fixes an issue that could cause camera flash to not go off 
- Improves reliability of iPhone 5 and iPod touch (5th generation) when connected to encrypted WPA2 Wi-Fi networks 
- Resolves an issue that prevents iPhone from using the cellular network in some instances 
- Consolidated the Use Cellular Data switch for iTunes Match 
- Fixes a Passcode Lock bug which sometimes allowed access to Passbook pass details from lock screen 
- Fixes a bug affecting Exchange meetings

 

...

October 26, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from curtis.k.larsen@utah.edu

We have Cisco WiSM1's and WiSM2's deployed in a very centralized manner. While they are in physically separate datacenters, they connect to a single distribution block. All WLC Mgmt interfaces are in the same VLAN. Years ago, when we first turned up the multicast on wireless (mainly to support Vocera Push-to-talk) we chose to use unique multicast group addresses for each controller - thinking this would reduce the amount of total mcast going to each AP. We are in multicast-multicast mode, and use pim-sparse. Over time, as I am sure many of you have seen - the multicast just keeps growing. I have since discovered the ability to apply multicast ACL's to controller interfaces, and WLAN's so that I can keep clients from joining unnecessary multicast group addresses, and still allow Vocera's group address or Airplay to our Apple-TV on our specific AAA override subnet. Unfortunately, there is still some multicast that I...
October 22, 2012 | Nathan Hay
Does anyone know of a company that will visit buildings and create drawings of them? Not a wireless site survey, just floor plan creation so someone else can do wireless layouts using the generated floor plans. Deliverables would include floor-by-floor maps at a minimum and possibly pictures or a video walk-through. This is not an invitation for companies to contact me. Thanks, Nathan Hay Network Engineer | NOC WinWholesale Inc. ********************************************************************************************* This email message and any attachments is for use only by the named addressee(s) and may contain confidential, privileged and/or proprietary information. If you have received this message in error, please immediately notify the sender and delete and destroy the message and all copies. All unauthorized direct or indirect use or disclosure of this message is strictly prohibited. No right to confidentiality or privilege is waived or lost by any error in...
October 17, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from ab1704@wayne.edu

Help wireless-lan

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

October 5, 2012 | Garry Peirce

Perhaps it’s because it’s Friday, but just getting PI 1.2.0.103 up  & running and I see that when within the GENERAL dashboard,

I cannot scroll all the way to the right to see the edge of the dashlets on that side. 

 

I thought it might be quickest to just ask this group.

Anyone else seeing this? or is this just a user error as I get accustomed to the new interface ;-)

 

If I minimize all dashlets on the left, then I can see a bit more of it.

I’m seeing no difference between IE/Chrome (most current revs).

If I drag/drop the right-side dashlets to the left , then I can see the entire thing – I suppose I can move them all to the left hand side.

 

...

September 27, 2012 | Philippe Hanset
This is official, we have almost reached the capacity of our public IP addresses (20,000 just on Wireless) We love IPv6, but for the moment it's not going to solve our issue! So, NAT it is, and we have zero experience besides our visitor network that handles 1000+ users. Our plan is to terminate NAT on our Fortinet firewalls, and assign 32 VLANs (in our Aruba VLAN pools) with a private /21 in each subnet. So ~64,000 IP addresses. We block mDNS etc... no worries there. We can now move away from the 30 minutes lease time and go to... I was thinking 12 or 14 hours. We plan to do NAT-PAT 1 public to 8 private IP ratio or 1 to 16. People with similar size networks: Anything to worry about? DHCP capacity, NAT capacity, Logs, ... Thank you in advance for your input, Philippe Hanset Univ. of TN, Knoxville www.eduroamus.org ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE...
September 25, 2012 | Rita Barrantes
Good evening - I would like to know if any of your institutions is implementing a new strategy for deploying wireless services on campus. With the explosion of mobile devices, the demand for wireless services has skyrocketed. At University of Houston we are using Meru as the provider for implementation of our wireless access network. Both Meru and Aruba are strong competitors in the high-density Wi-Fi network arena. Does any of your institutions use either Meru or Aruba technologies? Would you be willing to share your current Wi-Fi implementation strategies, experiences, and your network design standards? Have you used services from vendors to do site surveys in your institutions? Thanks in advance for any info you can provide. Rita ___________________________ Rita Barrantes, MBA, PMP Assoc. to CIO and Mgr, IT Services Office of the CIO 832-842-4702 | rbarrantes@uh.edu ********** Participation and subscription information...
September 24, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from jcox@nww.com

Just an update on the issue with that 3Com site which contacted me last week….

 

I’ve not heard back from this guy, despite several emails to him.

 

Another IT guy with a 3Com infrastructure also contacted me saying they were running into similar problems: interestingly, when they disconnected the 3Com APs from the their switch, everything worked fine. It turns out, THIS network is using the H3C gear that 3Com had started to license and resell before the HP acquisition – this was NOT legacy 3Com WLAN equipment.

 

I passed onto him a comment sent to me by an HP guy, speaking unofficially: he says there is a known issue related to this for the H3C equipment. He didn’t elaborate because it’s not his area of expertise...

September 21, 2012 | Dennis Xu
In our environment, we instruct users to verify the CN name in the server certificate when connecting to the WPA2/AES secure WLAN. From my testing, it will be a problem with Win8 as when clicking on "certificate details", it does not show the CN name, only shows a long string of certificate thumbprint. There is no way for users to verify certificate like this. How would you resolve this? Thanks. --- Dennis Xu Network Analyst, Computing and Communication Services University of Guelph 5198244120 x 56217 ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.
September 18, 2012 | Anders Nilsson
Many Thanks Trent for the info. Great news indeed but as far as I understand you still need a real Aerohive AP based wireless network in order to get location and identity based BonJour discobery. As always in this business the first sample is free. ;) As of today the best (costly) solution is in my opinion Arubas Clearpass BonJour GW. Cheers Anders Nilsson University of Umeå SUENT Sweden -----Ursprungligt meddelande----- Från: The EDUCAUSE Wireless Issues Constituent Group Listserv [mailto:WIRELESS-LAN@LISTSERV.EDUCAUSE.EDU] För Lee H Badman Skickat: den 18 september 2012 04:04 Till: WIRELESS-LAN@LISTSERV.EDUCAUSE.EDU Ämne: Re: [WIRELESS-LAN] aerohive bonjour gateway Thanks, Trent. Here's hoping for sunnier days on the Bonjour front. ________________________________________
September 17, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from trent.hurt@louisville.edu

Nice article Lee,

 

 

http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/aerohive-does-an-end-run-around-apples-b/240007438

 

 

 

Trent Hurt  CWNA,CCNP(Wireless), CCNA (R/S), CCNA(Voice)

University of Louisville

Wireless Network Administrator

502-852-1513

 

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at...
September 14, 2012 | John V. Duran

All,

We are interested in determining what other institutions are doing in the wireless projector space for classroom technologies. Some key items we are looking for are:

1) What products/projectors are you using?

2) Are you using a dedicated wireless SSID for classroom technologies?

3) How has your overall experience been given some of the constraints/challenges with RF management and was the service impacted in a way where classroom instruction was disrupted?

 

Thank you for any feedback you may provide.

 

 

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

August 16, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from trent.hurt@louisville.edu

 

 

http://www.networkworld.com/news/2012/081512-cisco-bonjour-261654.html?page=1

********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.

August 15, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from trent.hurt@louisville.edu

I'm trying to get this setup to redirect users who have expired passwords to our password self service webpage, but can't seem to get the right VSA configured correctly.  I'm using identity engines for radius.  Anyone using this feature?  If so how is it configured on your radius server?


https://supportforums.cisco.com/docs/DOC-13954#Conditional_Web_Redirect


http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/wireless/controller/7.2/configuration/guide/cg_wlan.html#wp1615797

Thanks
Trent
********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be...
August 6, 2012 | Jason Mueller
I have uploaded docs from Ron Z to oncourse: Documentation-Aruba/Ron Z Docs. -Jason ********** Participation and subscription information for this EDUCAUSE Constituent Group discussion list can be found at http://www.educause.edu/groups/.
August 6, 2012 | Listserv Anonymous User
Message from neil-johnson@uiowa.edu

Well, Here is the response I received from Apple.  I did receive a voice-mail  from our TAM who said he was going to follow-up via e-mail, but I haven't heard anything yet.

-Neil

-- 
Neil Johnson
Network Engineer
The University of Iowa
Phone: 319 384-0938
Fax: 319 335-2951
Mobile: 319 540-2081
E-Mail: neil-johnson@uiowa.edu


From: <Bozorgzadeh>, Amir J <amir-bozorgzadeh@uiowa.edu>
Date: Monday, August 6, 2012 8:05 AM
To: Neil Johnson <neil-johnson@uiowa.edu>
Subject: FW: [386504]Pending: Feature Requested - ER: AirPlay/...
August 3, 2012 | Joseph Roth
We are in the process of rolling out the Cisco Identity Services Engine as well as a WPA2 SSID, and have run into an issue, I did some research online and have not come up with much so I was hoping someone else could shed some light on this...

By default Windows will first attempt to do machine authentication, and then if this fails it should move on to user authentication. We have Cisco ISE joined to our domain, and so the domain machines that connect to our WPA2 SSID successfully do machine authentication. However, machines that are not joined to the domain that fail machine authentication (which they should) will at times throw up an authentication failure message in Windows, but not prompt for a username/password to authenticate to the SSID. Sometimes they do, sometimes they don't, it is inconsistent. In Windows 7 if we go into the Advanced settings and specify that it use username/pass only, it works fine. I believe that the default is machine and/or...

Group Leaders

The University of Tennessee

Related to this Group...

Close
Close


Annual Conference
October 15–18, 2013
Save the date!

Events for all Levels and Interests

Whether you're looking for a conference to attend face-to-face to connect with peers, or for an online event for team professional development, see what's upcoming.

Close

EDUCAUSE Institute
Leadership/Management Programs
Explore More

Career Center

Leadership and Management Programs

EDUCAUSE Institute
Advanced Programs
Project Management

 

Fellowships and Awards

Fellowships
Awards Programs

Getting Involved

Mentoring
Volunteer
Speak at an Event

 

 

Jump Start Your Career Growth

Explore EDUCAUSE professional development opportunities that match your career aspirations and desired level of time investment through our interactive online guide.

 

Close
EDUCAUSE organizes its efforts around three IT Focus Areas

 

 

Join These Programs If Your Focus Is

Close

Get on the Higher Ed IT Map

Employees of EDUCAUSE member institutions and organizations are invited to create individual profiles.
 

 

Close

2013 Strategic Priorities

  • Connected Learning
  • Enterprise IT
  • Foundations


Learn More >

Uncommon Thinking for the Common Good™

EDUCAUSE is the foremost community of higher education IT leaders and professionals.