As the examples above illustrate, EA, IT governance, and ITSM can contribute most effectively when their scope is well defined and understood. As these practice areas grow together in an organization, their scope should be discussed and aligned. Otherwise, these practices may inadvertently develop competing visions that can disrupt the IT value chain.

Without coordination, practitioners in EA, IT governance, and ITSM in your organization could all reasonably believe that they hold primary responsibility for enabling key parts of the IT value chain. A reasonable perspective from each practice area could be:

• Enterprise Architecture: "We work with teams and managers at all levels to increase alignment of IT with institutional needs. We proposed the current IT governance structure, operate it, and are key to the IT organization's relationships with non-IT stakeholders. We help the organization mature all its internal processes, of which ITSM processes are one important part."
• IT Governance: "We align IT to institutional goals, define IT strategy, and identify institutional outcomes for IT. We prioritize not only what services ITSM should work on but also the resources allocated to service management itself. Regarding EA, we direct its strategic priorities like any other IT service."
• IT Service Management: "We lead IT's long-term roadmap for how to manage and grow itself as an organization—all of its services, products, processes, resources, and assets. IT governance and EA are both functions that contribute within the overall ITSM approach."

As these statements suggest, EA, IT governance, and IT service management have the potential to intersect in their contributions to the IT value chain in IT strategy and portfolio management, in engagement with non-IT stakeholders, and in guiding the design of IT products, services, and processes (figure 3).

An IT organization's capabilities at these intersections directly affect its ability to react to changes, including digital transformation and all its impacts on the institution. These capabilities represent the IT organization's ability to integrate the strategic vision of the institution and respond with effective service delivery. To support discussion in your IT organization, typical activities in each capability are shown in table 2. You should feel free to add activities that are important to your organization.